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2018 NASSS Annual Conference
Sport Soundtrack: Sport, Music, & Culture
MD

Madison Danford

University of Toronto
“My kids really hamstrung my career”: Motherhood and Gender Relations Among Ice Hockey Officials
“My kids really hamstrung my career”: Motherhood and Gender Relations Among Ice Hockey Officials
Referees and other officials play an integral role in the creation of sporting cultures and environments. However, the gender of these officials appears to matter significantly, as evidenced by the difficulty that women officials have in progressing to higher levels of officiating. Both men and women officials face barriers to advancement, but these appear to be more systemic for women officials, especially those who are mothers. In order for officials to advance to higher levels they are required to achieve higher levels of officiating certification. A key requirement before even beginning the qualification process is the required to officiate as many games as possible, not turning down game assignments and ultimately being available for the entire hockey season. For most mothers, it is nearly impossible to meet such requirements because their schedules are not nearly as flexible as women without children and most men. As a result, it has become evident that mothers who are officials are not being assigned to as many games. In addition, following maternity leaves from officiating, they are assigned to a lower level of officiating than when they left. Women ice hockey officials in general do not have the same opportunities to advance as men, but women officials with children have even fewer opportunities. This results in a high dropout rate for women officials after having children. Using a critical feminist perspective, this paper highlights the work of women ice hockey officials who are mothers, and the inequalities working mothers face in this domain.